ALLEGORY

Allegory is the intentional conveying, by means of symbol and image, of a further, deeper meaning than the surface one. Allegory may thus be said to be extended metaphor, worked out in many relationship. It is of greater length and complexity than parable or fable and is imaginative where analogy is rational (Benton, 1968: 641).

In Diksi Dan Gaya Bahasa, Gorys Keraf said: Alegori adalah suatu cerita singkat yang mengandung kiasan. Makna kiasan ini harus ditarik dari bawah permukaan ceritanya (2006: 140). It means the allegorical story that has a deeper meaning in addition to surface meaning.

In other ways, Rachmat Joko Pradopo said: allegori ialah kiasan ataupun lukisan kiasan. Cerita kiasan atau lukisan kiasan ini mengiaskan hal lain atau kejadian lain (2005: 71). The allegorical elements are not presenting an everyday experience or meant to be realistic in time and or space, but there is something magical like a dream like about the highly symbolic scene and action about to take place. Character within the story also contain allegory, in which personify abstract concepts or types, an the action of the narrative usually stands for something not explicitly stated.

Allegory is composed by symbols, personifications, and metaphors, which are the representation of an idea or a concept that can have a different meaning throughout a literary work (Caldwell, 2007).

Symbol is a word or image that signifies something other that is literally represented. In symbols, the objective or act is too understood on two levels; the literal and the figurative. For example, the cross is a symbol of Christianity, the donkey and the elephant are symbols of two American political organization.

Personification is the giving of human characteristic to inanimate objects, ideas, or animals. It is really a subtype of metaphor, an implied comparison in which the figurative term of comparison is always a human being. When a poet makes a mirror to speak and think, he is personifying an object. When Keats in one of his poems describes autumn as harvester “sitting careless on a granary floor”, he is personifying a concert.
Metaphor is an implied comparison between two usually unrelated things indicating a likeness or analogy between attributes found in both things. For example “the entire world’s a stage”. It means the world like a stage of drama. Human plays the God’s rule.

Allegory is work of written, oral, or visual expression that uses symbolic figures, objects, and actions to convey truths or generalizations about human conduct or experience. It encompasses such forms as the fable and parable. Characters often personify abstract concepts or types, and the action of the narrative usually stands for something not explicitly stated. Symbolic allegories, in which characters may also have an identity apart from the message they convey, have frequently been used to represent political and historical situations and have long been popular as vehicles for satire (http://www.anwsers.com/allegory/htm).

The purpose of allegory is to tell the story with the “other language”. It means, allegory tells the story that has characters, a setting that has both literal and figurative meanings.
There were two types if allegory: (a) the historical and political variety, in which historical persons and events are referred to; (b) the allegory of ideas, in which characters personify abstract concepts and the story has didactic purpose (Thompson, 2007).

For example is Time, Real and Imaginary a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge:
On the wide level of a mountain's head,
(I knew not where, but 'twas some faery place)
Their pinions, ostrich-like, for sails outspread,
Two lovely children run an endless race,
A sister and a brother!
This far outstript the other;
Yet ever runs she with reverted face,
And looks and listens for the boy behind:
For he, alas! is blind!
O'er rough and smooth with even step he passed,
And knows not whether he be first or last.

The allegory in this poem represents time. The children’s race, as spoke of by the author, represents time in general. The girl, who knows where she is, where she is going, and where she will end up is an example of “real” time. The boy, who is blind, and doesn’t know where he is, where he is going, or where he will end up represents “imaginary” time.

Real time is the time that we use everyday to measure our lives. It is the time that we use to calculate our age, or to get to work on time. It is the time that we use to go to bed at night and to eat supper at. Imaginary time is the time that we measure our children’s lives in; “…one day they’re two, the next they’re eighteen…” Imaginary time is what we use when we’re at the beach or just watching life go past. Imaginary time is what happens before you’re born, or after you die. It is what happens when you’re daydreaming or sleeping.

This poem uses a race between a young girl and boy to demonstrate the significance of real and imaginary time. The young girl, who knows exactly what is going on demonstrates the real time. She can predict what is coming next. The young boy is unpredictable, just like imaginary time. The young boy can see nothing, he doesn’t know where he will go next. Imaginary time can go anywhere at any time.
In the end, the blind boy, or the imaginary time, is in “first” place, but still, he doesn’t know that. This means that just as the boy doesn’t know he is winning, imaginary time is oblivious to the fact that it may be better, or more liked, than real time.

All in all, this poem is about the constant race between real time and imaginary time. Sometime one will be in front, but the other will speed right past. Life is constantly switching back and forth between the two, and people have learned to accept this (Michelle: 2006).

AN ANAKYSIS OF WALT WHITMAN POEM'S "REVERSALS"

REVERSALS

Let that which stood in front go behind
Let that which was behind advance to the front
Let bigots, fools, unclean persons, offer new propositions
Let the old propositions be postponed
Let a man seek pleasure everywhere except in himself
Let a woman seek happiness everywhere except in herself


This poem is kind of metaphor in case of allegory. It is about changing of social condition in United States of America after the Civil War end and proclaimed Declaration of Emancipation. It is imaging the process of similarity of human degree between black people and white people. Line 1st and 2nd addressed to reconstruction in position. Before Declaration of Emancipation was proclaimed, black peoples are the slaves who have position in the back of white peoples. Then, in 3rd and 4th line is associating to the process of reconstruction in the freedom to have a notion. The “bigots, fools, unclean persons” (3rd line) refers to black peoples. A Negro must be made to work, and should always be given to understand that if he fails to perform his duty he will be punished for it (Stampp, 1956: 171 in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ slavery_in_the_United_States). Line 5th and 6th defined the similarity for every people to find the happiness in their life.

By the 18th century, court rulings established the racial basis of the American incarnation of slavery to apply chiefly to Africans and people of African descent, and occasionally to Native Americans. In part because of the Southern colonies' devotion of resources to tobacco culture, which was labor intensive, by the end of the 17th century they had a higher number and proportion of slaves than in the north (http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070121/29african.htm). From 1654 until 1865, slavery for life was legal within the boundaries. Most slaves were black and were held by whites.

Beginning in the 1750s, there was widespread sentiment during the American Revolution that slavery was a social evil (for the country as a whole and for the whites) and should eventually be abolished. All the Northern states passed emancipation acts between 1780 and 1804. The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 declared all men "born free and equal". Throughout the first half of the 19th century, a movement to end slavery grew in strength throughout the United States. This struggle took place amid strong support for slavery among white Southerners, who profited greatly from the system of enslaved labor. After 1830, a religious movement led by William Lloyd Garrison declared slavery to be a personal sin and demanded the owners repent immediately and start the process of emancipation. The movement was highly controversial and was a factor in causing the American Civil War. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States).

Before the Civil War held, Lincoln said that “The feeling is against slavery, not against the South. The war has educated our people into abolition, and they deny that slaves can be property. For two hundred years the whole country has treaded the slaves as property. The black must be freed. Slavery is the bone we are fighting over. It must be go out of the way to give us permanent peace, and we have to fight this war till the South is subjugated.” (http://wwww.recollectedworsofabrahamlincoln.org/p.174.htm).

On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed the Emancipation to abolish slavery. According to the Census of 1860, this policy would free nearly four million slaves, or over 12% of the total population of the United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States).

After Declaration of Emancipation proclaimed, the government did the reconstruction to the black peoples especially in sharecropping and education. In 1867 federal law prohibited a descendant form of slavery known as sharecropping or debt bondage. Between 1903 and 1944, the Supreme Court ruled on several cases involving debt bondage of black Americans, declaring these arrangements unconstitutional. In actual practice, however, sharecropping arrangements often resulted in peonage for both black and white farmers in the South. In education, on 1832 the government made Anti-literacy law. Consequently, many religious organizations, former Union Army officers and soldiers, and wealthy philanthropists were inspired to create and fund educational efforts specifically for the betterment of African Americans in the South. They helped create normal schools to generate teachers. Stimulated by the work of educators such as Dr. Booker T. Washington, by the first part of the 20th century over 5,000 local schools had been built for blacks in the South (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_ in_the_United_States).

AN ANALYSIS OF WALT WHITMAN POEM'S "THIS DUST WAS ONCE THE MAN"

THIS DUST WAS ONCE THE MAN

This dust was once the man,
Gentle, plain, just and resolute, under whose cautious hand,
Against the foulest crime in history known in any land or age,
Was saved the Union of these States.

In 1st line, the “dust” symbolizes the dead body in the grave. The 2nd line identified the characters of Abraham Lincoln. The “cautious hand” (in 2nd line) has meaning a person who has clever and composed to doing his assignment. Richard Behn (2007) said that “he loved his county partly because it was his own country, but mostly because it was a free country, and he burned with a zeal for its advancement, prosperity, and glory, because he saw, in such, the advancement prosperity, and glory of human liberty, human rights, and human nature”. The sentence above is reflection of the characters that mentioned in 2nd line.

The metaphor of “foulest crime” (line 3rd) associated to slavery system. More than two hundred years, from 1654 until 1865, slavery was legal in United States. Slavery was social evil which must be abolished. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed the Emancipation to abolish slavery. After Civil War was end, federal government made 13th Amendment to abolish all of slaves in America. Then the government made 14th Amendment to give black full citizen rights. Sentences previous are the analogy of “Against the foulest crime in history known in any land or age”.

Finally, the man in this poem who have characters such as “gentle, plain, just and resolute, under whose cautious hand”, and well known as the hero who “against the foulest crime in history known in any land or age” who “was saved the Union of these States” is Abraham Lincoln.

AN ANALYSIS OF WALT WHITMAN POEM'S "O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!"

O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!

O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won,
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.

O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills,
For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head!
It is some dream that on the deck,
You've fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,
The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,
From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
Exult O shores, and ring O bells!
But I with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.

1st Stanza
The 1st line of the poem, “Captain” is a substitute for Abraham Lincoln, and the “ship” has meaning the United States of America. “The fearful trip” is refers to the Civil War, which had ended just prior to Lincoln’s assassination. In 2nd line, “the prize” means the victory of the Union in Civil War. In 3rd line, “the port” is refers to home and the “bells” are imagining the bells ring in celebration of military victory. This line is imagining cheering crowds celebrating the victory, just as the Union, led by Lincoln, had returned victorious from the Civil War. On April 9, 1865 the Union’s armies surrounded the Confederate armies at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. This moment is the end of war (Benton, 1768: 730-743).

Lines 5-8 communicate the unpleasant news that the Captain has somehow fallen dead after the battle. The repetition of “heart! heart! heart!” (line 5), communicates the sadness and horror at realizing that his Captain has died. In 6th line, the “bleeding drops of red” are both the Captain’s bleeding wound and the speakers wounded heart. The “fallen cold and dead,” (line 8th) is it seems that addressed to the Lincoln’s death.

2nd Stanza
In 1st line, 2nd stanza, the “Rise up and hear the bells” is refers to the Captain having led his crew bravely to victory, will not receive the fanfare that is his just due. At the same time, the “bells” in 1st line are imagining the bells ring in celebration of military victory; however, knowing the great Captain and leader has died the bells might also symbolize funeral bells tolled in mourning. Similarly, in 2nd line, the “flag,” is flown in honor of the Captain both as a symbol of pride and victory and as a symbol of lamentation — as in the tradition of flying the American flag at half-mast when a respected American dies. The “bugle” symbolize military musical instrument, alludes to both military victory in the traditional requiem at funerals of fallen soldiers. “Bouquets and ribbon wreathes” are also common to both celebratory receptions and funerals.

In 5th line, the “father” is a metaphor of Lincoln beyond the more limited scope of a military leader of men into a father figure, one whose wisdom and teachings led his children into adult. The poem celebrates Lincoln as more than simply a great military leader who led the Union to victory during the Civil War and attaches to him a broader significance as the father of this new, post-slavery country. In line 7th, the “some dream that on the deck” is essences to the heart feeling of American. It is hard for Americans to accept the shocking death of their president by hands of assassin. On April 15, 1865, the evening when he was with his wife and his friends watched the play of Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater, Washington, he was shot by an actor, John Wilkes Booth. The refrain “fallen cold and dead,” (line 8th) is it seems that addressed to the Captain’s death

3rd Stanza
“My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still/My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will” (1st and 2nd line) essences the reality of the Captain’s death. In this sense, the writer finally accepted that his Captain is dead. In 3rd line, “voyage closed and done” has meaning of long and burdensome war is done. Civil War began on April 12, 1861 until April 1, 1865. Then, “the fearful trip” in line 4 is the metaphor of fearful war.

Same with the explanation in 1st stanza, the “bells” in 5th line are imagining the bells ring in celebration of military victory. While “Exult O shores, and ring O bells/with mournful tread/Walk the deck my Captain lies/Fallen cold and dead” (5th-8th line) is the analogy of the celebration the end of the Civil War but continues to express of mourn of his fallen hero. Then, “the deck” (7th line) associated to Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield when he was buried.

SLAVERY IN AMERICA

Slavery in the United States began after English colonists settled Virginia in 1654 until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was established. From 1654 until 1865, slavery was legal in United States. Most slaves are black with the white’s slaveholder, although some Native Americans and free blacks also held slaves. The majority of slaveholding was in Southern United States where most slaves worked like machine in the system of agriculture. The majority of slaves were held by planters who held 20 slaves or more.

Between 1790 and 1860 (between American Revolution and the Civil War) more than 1.000.000 slaves moved to west. Most of them moved from Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina. Previously, the main destinations were Kentucky and Tennessee, but after 1810 they went to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas.

Slave in South worked on farms and plantations such as indigo, rice, and tobacco. After 1790, they work on cotton plantation, because cotton was popular after 1790. In South Carolina in 1720 about 65% of the populations were slaves. Slaves were employed by rich farmers and plantation owners with commercial export operations.

In the early 1750, it spreads a sentimental issue during the American Revolution that slavery was social evil which must be abolished. All the Northern states made Emancipation Acts between 1780 and 1804. In 1780, the Northern declared The Massachusetts’s Constitution that declared all men “born free and equal”; thus abolishing slavery in Massachusetts.

In 1831, a bloody slave rebellion took place in Southampton Country, Virginia. A slave named Nat Turner led the rebellion that was known as Nat Turner’s Rebellion or the Southampton Insurrection. On his crusade, Turner and his followers killed approximately fifty men, women, and children, but they were eventually subdued by the white militia. Nat Turner and his fellow was hanged and skinned. In addition to killing Nat Turner and his fellow insurrectionists, more than a hundred innocent slaves who had nothing to do with the rebellion were also massacred by the white militia.

In 1847, Dred Scott, 62 years old slave, got the freedom from the court, but ten years later the Supreme Court denied Scott. The court ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen who had a right to sue in the Federal Court. The decision of Supreme Court caused many reactions. Many republicans including Abraham Lincoln made the statement to against the Supreme Court decision.

In 1860, American held the presidential election. Abraham Lincoln, the republican candidate won the election with the majority votes. In this time, conflict between Northern territories and Southern territories area about slavery is on heated atmosphere. When the Federal Government made the right to prohibit the slavery in Western territories, North and West completely supported it. In other side, Southern territories rejected it because they worried that the right would be dangerous to the existence of slavery in their area. In 1861, Northern troops attacked Southern with the slavery as the basic issue, and the civil war began.

On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed the Emancipation to abolish slavery. The Arizona Organic Act abolished slavery on February 24, 1863 in Arizona. Tennessee and all of the Border States (except Kentucky) abolished slavery in early 1865. Thousands of slaves were freed by the operation of the Emancipation Declaration as Union armies marched across the South. After Civil War was end, federal government made 13th Amendment to abolish all of slaves in America. Then the government made 14th Amendment to give black full citizen rights. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery in the united states.html).

CIVIL WAR

Civil War is battle between North section (23 Northern and Western states that supported the Federal government –than it called Union-) and the South section (11 Southern states that had seceded from the union and formed an independent government called the Confederate States of America). The Northern was lead by General Ulysses S. Grant and the Southern was lead by General McClellan, but he replaced by General Robert E. Lee, who proved to be one of the greatest military leaders of all time.

Civil War began when the guns of the South fired on the Federal Fort Sumten on April 12, 1861. The basic issue of civil war is the difference opinion about slavery. The Federal government made the regulation to prohibit the slavery in the Western territories. Northern and Western very supported with the regulation, but the Southern feared that a government increasingly dominated by free states might eventually endanger existing slavery holding.

According the basic issue above, there are many issues that caused the civil war. There are differences of opinion about economic considerations. The North and West wanted internal improvements sponsored by the Federal government. The South had little desire for this project. About the opening of public lands, the North wanted the distribution of such lands in small lots, so it speeds up the development. In other side, the South opposed it because it aided the free farmer rather than slaveholding plantation owner. The last, about the economic tariff, a high tariff protected the Northern manufacturer while the South wanted a low tariff in order the trade of cotton for cheap foreign goods.

The first major battle came on July 21, 1861 when Union forces under General Irvin McDowell engaged in combat at Bull Run by confederate troops commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston and Pierre Beauregard. In 1862 General McClellan brought his army from Potomac as far as Fortress Monroe, Virginia to take Richmond, but in Yorktown, they met and battled with McDowell’s troops that in defense of Washington. In this session is time to Union victory.

The Union got victory at Antietam. It was the opportunity for President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation that guaranteed the freedom to all slaves was contested in many parts of United States of America. At Gettysburg, July 1-3 1863, Lee suffered his first defeat.

Throughout the war, the Federal forces were more successful in the west. On April 6-7, 1862, the Federal force leaded by General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Southern forces had leaded General Albert S. Johnston in battle at Shiloh. Early in the warm, President Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of the entire Southern coast line by pressing all kinds of ships into use. The Merrimack (Virginia) got bad luck in famous battle with the Federal, Momitor.

In March 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant became commander in chief of all Federal armies. At Five Forks, Virginia April 1, 1865, Federal forces got victory. Finally on April 9, 1865 Lee’s armies surrounded Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, and the war was over (Benton, 1768: 730-743).

METAPHOR

Metaphor by etymology came from Greek meta (μετά) “between” and phero (φέρω), “to bear”, “to carry” that combine to be metaphero (μεταφέρω) that mean “transfer” or “carry over”. Metaphor is a figure of speech concisely comparing two things, saying that one is the other (http://www.wikipedia/metaphor.html).
In Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa, Gorys Keraf said that “metafora adalah semacam analogi yang membandingkan dua hal secara langsung, tetapi dalam bentuk singkat” (2002:139). It means implied comparison between two usually unrelated things indicating a likeness or analogy between attributes found in both things.
Metaphor is in two parts: the tenor and the vehicle. The tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the subject whose attributes are borrowed.
For example: “No more for him life’s stormy conflicts”, (second stanza, line one in Hush’d Be the Champ’s To-Day).

Stormy conflicts, it means the conflicts are horrible like storm. Civil War and slavery are the horrible is the conflicts in United States of America. Describing the attribute of “conflicts” is a tenor and “stormy” is a vehicle.

Metaphor is present in the oldest written Sumerian language narrative, the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Greek plays of Sophocles, Aeschylus, and Euripides, among others, were almost invariably allegorical, showing the tragedy of the protagonists, either to caution the audience metaphorically about temptation, or to lambast famous individuals of the day by inferring similarities with the caricatures in the play. Now we can see that any theme in literature is a metaphor, using the story to convey information about human perception of the theme in question. (http://www. wikipedia.com/metaphor.html).
Metaphor have several types, there are metonymy, simile, synecdoche, catachresis, parable, fable, and allegory.

Simile
Simile is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things, often introduced with the word "like" or "as".
For example: “Charging like ceaseless clouds across the sky” (Hush’d Be The Champ’s To-Day, 3rd line, 2nd stanza).

Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a term denoting a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing (Pars pro toto), or a term denoting a thing (a "whole") is used to refer to part of it (Totum pro parte), or a term denoting a specific class of thing is used to refer to a larger, more general class, or a term denoting a general class of thing is used to refer to a smaller, more specific class (Bindo pro parte), or a term denoting a material is used to refer to an object composed of that material.
For example: “O Captain! my Captain!” (O Captain! my Captain! 1st line 1st and 2nd stanza). It refers to Abraham Lincoln.

Allegory
Allegory is the intentional conveying, by means of symbol and image, of a further, deeper meaning than the surface one. Allegory may thus be said to be extended metaphor, worked out in many relationship. It is of greater length and complexity than parable or fable and is imaginative where analogy is rational (Benton, 1968: 641).
For example is the poem entitled Reversals. It is about changing of social condition in United States of America after the Civil War end and proclaimed Declaration of Emancipation.